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Johanna Möller 《European Polymer Journal》2008,44(6):1583-1593
The demand for mechanical recycling of plastic waste results in an increasing amount of recycled polymeric materials available for development of new products. In order for recycled materials to find their way into the material market, high quality is demanded. Thereby, a complete and closed loop of polymeric materials can be achieved successfully. The concept of high quality for recycled plastics imply that besides a pure fraction of e.g. polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP), containing only minor trace amount of foreign plastics, knowledge is required about the type and amount of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds. During long-term use (service-life), products made of polymeric materials will undergo an often very slow degradation where a series of degradation products are formed, in parallel, additives incorporated in the matrix may also degrade. These compounds migrate at various rates to the surrounding environment. The release rate of LMW products from plastics depends on the initiation time of degradation and the degradation mechanisms. For polymers the formation of degradation products may be initiated already during processing, and subsequent use will add products coming from the surrounding environment, e.g. fragrance and aroma compounds from packaging. During recycling of plastics, emissions which contain a series of different LMW compounds may reach the environment leading to unwanted exposure to additives and their degradation residues as well as degradation products of polymers.Several extraction techniques are available for sampling of LMW compounds in polymers before chromatographic analysis. This paper reviews and compares polymer dissolution, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), super critical fluid extraction (SFE), soxhlet extraction, head-space extraction (HS), head-space solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME), and head-space stir bar sorptive extraction (HSSE) as appropriate sampling methods for LMW compounds in recycled polymers. Appropriate internal standards useful for these kinds of matrices were selected, which improved the possibility for later quantification. Based on the review of extraction methods, the most promising techniques were tested with industrially recycled samples of HDPE and PP and virgin HDPE and PP for method comparison. 相似文献
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高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定蟾酥中铜、砷、镉、汞、铅含量及砷化学形态 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定蟾酥中Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等元素含量的分析方法,检出限为0.28~5.7 μg/L,元素加标回收率均在91.5%~115%.用1.2 mol/L HCl浸提蟾酥中的As形态,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术对蟾酥样品中的As化学形态进行了初步探讨,发现其中As主要以有毒的无机As(Ⅴ)形态存在,并讨论了形态分析的方法及结果.本方法适用于蟾酥中药样品质量控制和安全评估的要求. 相似文献
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Nanocomposite films [Ag/(PAH‐PSS)nPAH]m were fabricated on a silicon substrate using a time‐ and cost‐efficient spin‐assisted layer‐by‐layer (SA‐LbL) self‐assembly technique. A virtually monolayer‐like layer of self‐assembled silver nanoparticles was formed when deposition time increased to 30 min. It was found that polymer multilayers could effectively decrease the resistivity of silver nanoparticle monolayer, which was far higher than that of bulk silver metal; however, the resistivity of Ag/(PAH‐PSS)nPAH multilayer films increased along with the increasing of the number of polymer bilayers. XPS investigations showed that silver nanoparticles were partially oxidized, which might be the major cause of the high resistivity of silver nanoparticle monolayer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》2018,56(8):703-715
Even though NMR has found countless applications in the field of small molecule characterization, there is no standard file format available for the NMR data relevant to structure characterization of small molecules. A new format is therefore introduced to associate the NMR parameters extracted from 1D and 2D spectra of organic compounds to the proposed chemical structure. These NMR parameters, which we shall call NMReDATA (for nuclear magnetic resonance extracted data), include chemical shift values, signal integrals, intensities, multiplicities, scalar coupling constants, lists of 2D correlations, relaxation times, and diffusion rates. The file format is an extension of the existing Structure Data Format, which is compatible with the commonly used MOL format. The association of an NMReDATA file with the raw and spectral data from which it originates constitutes an NMR record. This format is easily readable by humans and computers and provides a simple and efficient way for disseminating results of structural chemistry investigations, allowing automatic verification of published results, and for assisting the constitution of highly needed open‐source structural databases. 相似文献
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《Journal of separation science》2018,41(4):940-947
A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 19 emerging organic contaminants (pharmaceutical drugs, personal care products, and bisphenol A) in poultry manure. Lyophilized samples of manure were extracted by ultrasound‐assisted matrix solid‐phase dispersion and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization. Analysis of spiked poultry manure samples, at levels ranging from 25 to 150 ng/g, gave satisfactory recovery results for all the compounds, with values from 67 to 106%. The developed procedure provided detection limits that ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 ng/g. Finally, the validated method was applied to poultry manure samples collected from 23 poultry farms in Spain. Salicylic acid was found in most of the samples analyzed at levels up to 2501 ng/g, whereas, methyl paraben, orthophenylphenol, ibuprofen, paracetamol, and carbamazepine were detected at levels up to 250 ng/g. Composting of manure showed an important decrease in the levels of the detected contaminants. 相似文献
1000.
采用微波消解一火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了陕南茶叶及其栽培土壤中Zn、Fe、Cu、Cr、Pb5种微量元素的含量,以指导茶农合理施肥,提高陕南地区茶叶品质。结果表明,茶叶与土壤中矿质元素的含量呈一定的正相关性,不同产地的茶叶和土壤中微量元素的含量有一定的差异;茶叶和土壤中Zn、Fe元素的含量较高,而对人体健康有影响的Pb元素含量低于国家允许标准。 相似文献